(Samajweekly) We, the citizens of secular and democratic India, are shocked to witness the , oves of the state governments ruled by the BJP and other political parties, targeting Christians, Muslims, Dalits, Adivasis and Hindu women using Anti-Conversion Laws in India.
Hindutva elements in various parties, and specially those evolving from the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha, successfully lobbied hard to enact the first Anti-Conversion Law in Odisha in 1967, followed by nine other states in India. These include Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh. In Tamil Nadu, the then All India Anna DMK party, Ms J. Jayalalitha enacted such a law, but withdrew it following a strong protest in the state.
Wherever the Anti-Conversion law, ironically officially called Freedom of Religion Act, was passed, it became a justification for the persecution of the minorities and other marginalized identities. The attacks on the minorities grew sharply in recent years since this law was tweaked and used as a weapon targeting the dignity of Christians and Muslims.
The latest debate on Anti-conversion Law is in the state of Karnataka today, where resistance is building up to ensure that the Bill passed in the Legislative Assembly, does not become law.
For the Hindutva forces, the Anti-Conversion Law as a path towards establishing a Hindu Rashtra in India which would disenfranchise Muslims and Christians, converting the democratic secular republic into a theocratic and xenophobic state.
Impact on Dalits, Adivasis and Women
It is not just Muslims and Christians, the primary targets, this law has existential implications for Dalits, Adivasis, and some sections of the Hindu community. It also targets women’s sexual and social freedom. Any Dalit who chooses to convert to Christianity or Islam constitutional provisions of reservations in government employment, as also in educational institutions. More critically, she or he loses the protection under the Anti-untouchability laws. Current laws all accept conversions to Sikhism, Buddhism or Jainism, as legitimate and with continuing benefits of reservations which they had under the Hindu faith.
Anyone who does choose to join a new religion is now required to prove that he or she was not converted by force, or coercion, inducement or allurement.
These laws are far more draconian than they look at first sight. They target Christianity and Islam They encourage a return to Hinduism. But at the grassroots, they put coercive pressure on Dalits and Adivasis to not profess Christianity or Islam. Coercion and blackmail are implicit in the notorious Article 341 Part 3, which is immediately evoked to take away their rights of reservation and protection. In effect, a Dalit forced by the State to remain in Hinduism.
For Islam and Christianity, it means that while they can personally profess their religion, they no longer have the right to propagate their faith. This goes against Article 25 in the Constitution of India which says people have the “Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion”. Not only does it discriminate against the Christian and Islamic religions, it undermines the secular foundations of the Constitution which treats all religions equally.
Since 2019, this notorious law has also targeted women, taking away their agency in the most personal of issues of their sexuality, and criminalising their choice of a Muslim or Christian as a life partner. Women now require government approval to marry a Muslim or a Christian. The woman risk physical harm and social disgrace as even distant relatives can move the law against an intended inter-faith marriage. The man she chose will be arrested for a non-bailable offence.
In Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, the law is being used to prevent interfaith couples from getting married. Hindutva forces are using this law to target the Muslims, rousing communal and sectarian passions against what politician have called `Love Jihad.’
Is Anti-Conversion Law Necessary?
It needs to be underscored that such laws were created as political expediency and for appeasing majority vote banks during elections. Till recent months when it was used in several states against Muslim men, the law was used just for harassing Christian pastors and teachers or principals of academic institutions. Arrests were few and far between. State government has not been able to adduce any data or evidence to justify the laws.
The core, and patronising, argument that underpins all such laws is that the Dalit or the poor has no agency and no understanding, in matters of religion. In all other matters including the right to vote and choose his political representatives to local governments and to Parliament, he or she is deemed to be of sound mind and judgement. This is highly insulting to the intellect and wisdom of India’s Dalits and its poor who have been kept suppressed by social force under the caste system and implemented by threats of force or threat of punishment.
The Indian Penal Code has all too many provisions to address crimes of cheating, bribing and issues such as attempts to disrupt harmony between communities, or creating ill-will among various sections of society.
Anti-Conversion Law – A Violation of Indian Constitution
Top jurists of the country have held this law to be totally in violation of the right to profess, practice and propagate one’s faith. Babasaheb Ambedkar, who chaired the Drafting Committee of the Constitution in the Constituent Assembly, and several subcommittees which discussed issues of the rights of citizens, discussed these issues threadbare before putting them in the statutes.
The Indian constitution provides six broader fundamental rights. Everyone is equal and has equal rights and freedom without discrimination before the law (Art 14-18) & (Art 19-22). The State provides freedom of conscience and right to profess, practice and propagate religion (Art 25-28) as well as cultural & educational rights for the religious minorities (Art 29-30). It is right to equality, freedom, and non-discrimination for every citizen.
The anti-conversion laws violate international covenants and instruments where India is a signatory. Articles 1, 18 & 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Articles 18 &19 of International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Articles 2 & 3 of UN Declaration on Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief spell this out clearly and categorically
For the people of India, the anti-conversion laws discriminate against Christianity and Islam against all other religions, creating an environment of exclusion, hospitality and encouraging targeted hate and physical violence against persons and institutions.
We, from the National Solidarity Forum, are convinced that such discriminatory laws should have no space in a democratic society like India. We realize the need for larger involvement of all secular and democratic people to support the campaign for the withdrawal of such laws. And, therefore, we appeal to all those who respect human rights, dignity, peace, harmony, and justice to endorse this statement against the Anti-Conversion Laws in India.
Together, let us join hands to defend the values enshrined in the Indian Constitution and protection of human rights of the minorities and other marginalized sections in India.
Issued by National Solidarity Forum (NSF)
The National Solidarity Forum (NSF), a network which emerged soon after Kandhamal genocide, has been active during the last 13 years. Many actions followed with the initiative of this forum, with a primary objective to maintain justice, peace and harmony and to protect the Indian Constitution and secular/democratic values.
Initial signatories:
Admiral L Ramdas, Former Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy
Anand Patwardhan, Film Maker
Annie Raja, National Federation of Indian Women
A C Michael, Former Member of Delhi Minorities Commission, Govt. of NCT of Delhi
Ajaya Kumar Singh, Co-convener, NSF
Arundhati Dhuru, National Alliance of People’s Movements
Brinelle Dsouza, Core team member, NSF
Debaranjan Sarangi, Columnist and Documentary Film Maker, Odisha
Dhirendra Panda, Coordinator, NSF
Dr. Goldy M. George, Activist, Author, Academician
Dr. John Dayal, Founder Member, NSF
Dr. Ram Puniyani, Convener, National Solidarity Forum (NSF)
Gauhar Raza, Scientist and Poet
Harsh Mander, Author and Social activist
Irfan Engineer, CSSS & NSF
Javed Anand, Jjournalist and Civil rights activist
- Satchidanandan, Poet, Literary Critic, Former Secretary of Sahitya Akademi
K.P. Sasi, Co-Convener, NSF
Kavita Krishnan, AIPWA
Kedar Mishra, Senior Journalist, Odisha
Lalita Ramdas, Peace, Human Rights anti nuclear Activist
Mallika Sarabhai, Accomplished dancer & choreographer
Mani Shankar Aiyar, Former Minister
Margaret Alva, Former Governor of Goa. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttarkhand
Medha Patekar, Narmada Bachao Andolan, National Alliance of People’s Movements
Prafulla Samantara, Awardee of the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2017
Pritam Singh, Professor Emeritus, Oxford Brookes Business School, Oxford.
Prof. Hiren Gohain, Academician, Literary Critic
Prof. Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd, Writer, Acamedician
Rakesh Sharma, Film Maker
Rev. Dr. Peter Machado, Archbishop of Bangalore.
Sandeep Pandey, General Secretary, Socialist Party (India)
Shabnam Hashmi, ANHAD
Sudhir Patnaik, Editor, `Samaddrusti’ Odia Weekly
Sushmit Bose, Musician
Tapan Bose, Film Maker
Teesta Setalvad, Advocate, Civil rights Activist and Journalist
Tehmina Arora, ADF India
Vidya Dinkar, Core team member, NSF
Wilfred D’Costa, Founder Member, NSF
William Stanley, Founder Member, NSF
